Journey of Racial Discrimination in Educational Genealogical Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55370/dsj.v5i(2).528Keywords:
Racial discrimination, equality in education, shifts of the history, Genealogical analysisAbstract
In this paper, we uncover how racial discrimination in education has shifted in different periods of time. Using the genealogical analysis method, we examined three distinct time periods. Racial discrimination does not disappear, but penetrates into the micro-educational context through curriculum, in grades, and funding to normalize people into a mainstream culture.
This study is meaningful since we consider racial discrimination in education in different periods of time. In the first period, nearly all restrictions identified were structural in nature, while in the second period, fewer structural limitations remained, but were combined with a paternalistic approach. Finally in the third period, unspoken and off the table structural prohibitions exist through approaches that allow discrimination to continue. Acknowledging this changing agenda in different periods of time sheds light on ways to break the structural barriers and promote students equal access to education.
References
Amstutz, D. D. (1999). Adult learning: Moving toward more
inclusive theories and practices. In T. C. Guy (Ed), Providing
culturally relevant adult education: A challenge for the
twenty-first century, New Directions for Adult and
Continuing Education, 82 (pp.19-32). San Francisco: Jossey-
Bass.
Apple, M. W. (2013). Can education change society? Dubois,
Woodson and the politics of social transformation. Review of
Education 1,(1) 32-56. doi: 10.1002/rev3.3000
Baumgartner, L.M., & Johnson-Bailey, J. (2008). Fostering
awareness of diversity and multiculturalism in adult and
higher education, New Directions for Adult and Continuing
Education, 120, (pp. 45-53). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
doi: 10.1002/ace.315
Bell, D. A. (1992). Faces at the bottom of the well: The
permanence of racism. New York: Basic books.
Brookfield, S. D. (2003). Racializing the discourse of adult
education. Harvard Educational Review 73 (4), 497-523.
Carnevale, A. P., & Strohl, J. (2013). Separate and unequal: How
higher education reinforces the intergenerational
reproduction of White racial privilege. Washington, D. C.:
Georgetown Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from
https://cew.georgetown.edu/report/separate-unequal/
Clark, C. (2004). White antiracist identity development:
Implications for multicultural education. In R. L. Hampton &
T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Promoting Racial, Ethnic, and Religious
Understanding and Reconciliation (pp. 49-86). Washington,
DC: Child Welfare League of America.
Closson, R. B. (2010a). An exploration of critical race theory. In
V. Sheared, J. Johnson-Bailey, I. Scipio A. J. Colin, E.
Peterson, S. D. Brookfield, & a. Associates (Eds.), The
Handbook of Race and Adult Education (pp. 173-185). San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Closson, R. B. (2010b). Critical race theory and adult education.
Adult Education Quarterly, 60, 261-283.
doi:10.1177/0741713609358445 Cox, D. (2008). Academic
purpose and command at Auburn, 1856-1902. The Alabama
Review, 61(2), 83-104. doi: 10.1353/ala.2008.0011.
Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com
/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA206866416&v=2.1&u=munc80314&
it=r&p=LitRC&
sw=w&asid=7fe3b992da60de580ef05c5143c57020
Dennis, M. (2001). The skillful use of higher education to protect
White supremacy. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education,
, 115-123. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2678797
Davis, E., Stephan, J. L., Lindsay, J., & So Jung, P. (2016).
Stated Briefly: Who will succeed and who will struggle?
Predicting early college success with Indiana's Student
Information System. Washington D. C.: National Center for
Educational Evaluation and Regional Assistance, U.S.
Department of Education. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov
/pubsearch/ pubsinfo.asp?pubid=REL2016126
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1999). The souls of Black folk (J. Henry Louis
Gates & T. H. Oliver Eds.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton and
Co.
Flynt, W. (1968). Southern higher education and the Civil War.
Civil War History 14(3), 211-225. doi:10.1353/cwh.1968.0050
Foucault, M. (1972). The archaeology of knowledge and the
discourse on language. (A.M. Sheridan Smith, Trans.). New
York, NY: Pantheonn Books. (Original work published 1969).
Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: Volume 1: An
introduction. (Robert Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage
Books. (Original work published 1976).
Foucault, M. (1980). Truth and power. In C. Gordon (Ed.),
Power/Knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings
-1977 (pp.109-133). New York: Pantheon.
Foucault, M. (1998). Nietzsche, genealogy, history. In M.
Foucault (Author), J. D. Faubion (Editor), P. Rabinow
(Author), & R. Hurley (Author) (Eds.). Aesthetics, method,
and epistemology (Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984,
Vol. 2) (pp. 369-391) (1st. ed.). New York: New Press.
Freedman, D. (1999). African-American schooling in the south
prior to 1861. The Journal of Negro History, 84(1), 1-47.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2649081
Green, J. R. (2005). ‘Practical progress is the watchword’:
Military education and the expansion of opportunity in the
old South. The Journal of the Historical Society, 5(3),
-390. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5923.2005.00135.x.
Guy, T. C. (1999). Culture as context for adult education: The
need for culturally relevant adult education. In T. C. Guy
(Ed), Providing culturally relevant adult education: A
challenge for the twenty-first century, New Directions for
Adult and Continuing Education, 82 (pp.5-18). San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Guy, T. C. (1999). Culturally relevant adult education: Key
themes and common purposes. In T.C. Guy (Ed), Providing
culturally relevant education: A challenge for the
twenty-first century, New Directions for Adult and
Continuing Education, 82 (pp. 93-98). San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Guy, T. C., & Brookfield, S. (2009). W.E.B.Du Bois's basic
American Negro creed and the associates in Negro folk
education: A case of repressive tolerance in the censorship
of radical black discourse on adult education. Adult
Education Quarterly, 60(1), 65-76. doi:
1177/0741713609336108
Hewitt, D. T. (2011). Reauthorize, revise, and remember:
Refocusing the No Child Left Behind Act to fulfill Brown's
promise. Yale Law & Policy Review, 30, 169-194.
Howard, V. B. (1977). The struggle for equal education in
Kentucky, 1866-1884, The Journal of Negro Education, 46,
-328. doi: 10.2307/2966775. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2966775
Ingersoll, T. N. (1995). Slave codes and judicial practice in New
Orleans, 1718 - 1807. Law and History Review, 13(1),
-62. doi: 10.2307/743955
Jackson, T. A. (2011). Which interests are served by the
principle of interest convergence? Whiteness, collective
trauma, and the case for anti-racism. Race Ethnicity and
Education, 14, 435–459. Retrieved from
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080
/13613324.2010.548375
Kearins K., & Hooper, K. (2002). Genealogical method and
analysis. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 15,
-757. doi:10.1108/09513570210448984
Kelly, A. D. (1984) Oral history interview with Anna D.
Kelly/Interviewer: E. L. Drago. Retrieved from
http://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:23394
Kendall, G., & Wickham, G. (1999). Using Foucault's methods.
London, England: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9780857020239
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W. F. I. V. (1995). Toward a critical
race theory of education. Teachers College Record, 97(1),
-68. Retrieved from http://proxy.bsu.edu/
login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ519126&site=ehost-
live&scope=site
Lund, C. L. (2010). The nature of White privilege in the teaching
and training of adults. InC.L. Lund & A.J. Scipio (Eds), White
privilege and racism: perceptions and actions, New
Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 125
(pp.15-25). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. doi:
1002/ace.359
McPhail, K. (n.d.). The genealogy of methodology & the
methodology of genealogy: Putting accounting into crisis.
Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc
/download? doi=10.1.1.198.9845&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Moss, H. J. (2006). Education's inequity: Opposition to black
higher education in Antebellum Connecticut. History of
Education Quarterly, 46(1), 16-35. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20462029
Mouzon, H. L. (1980) Oral history interview with Louise
Mouzon/Interviewer: E. L. Drago & E. C. Hunt. Retrieved
from http://lcdl.library.cofc.edu/lcdl/catalog/lcdl:23396
Mumper, M. (2003). The future of college access: The declining
role of public higher education in promoting equal
opportunity. The Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, 585(1), 97-117. doi:
1177/0002716202238569. Retrieved from:
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1049753
Mwachofi, A. K. (2008). African Americans' access to vocational
rehabilitation services after antidiscrimination legislation.
Journal of Negro Education, 77(1), 39-59. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034677
Nicoll, K., & Fejes, A. (2011). Lifelong learning: A pacification of
'know how'. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 30(4),
-417. doi: 10.1007/s11217-011-9235-x
Nurenberg, D. (2011). What does injustice have to do with me?
A pedagogy of the privileged. Harvard Educational Review,
(1), 50-63. Retrieved from http://www.metapress.com
/content/50456Q442P161473
Parker, T. L. (2012). The role of minority-serving institutions in
redefining and improving developmental education. Atlanta:
Southern Education Foundation. (ED529085).
Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED529085.pdf
Peterson, E. A. (1999). Creating a culturally relevant dialogue
for African American adult educators. In T. C. Guy (Ed),
Providing culturally relevant adult education: A challenge
for the twenty-first century (pp.79-91). New Directions for
Adult and Continuing Education, No. 82. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Richardson, J. M. (1965). The Negro in post Civil-War
Tennessee: A report by a northern missionary. The Journal of
Negro Education 34(4), 419-424. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2294093
Ridley, C. R., & Kwon, S. (2010). Racism: Individual, institutional,
and cultural. In C.S. Clauss-Ehlers (Ed), Encyclopedia of
Cross Cultural School Psychology (pp. 781-787). NewYork:
Springer. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com
/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3041400312&v=2.1&u=munc80314&
it=r&p=GVRL&
sw=w&asid=e61fa9daea22c733f29880eca8a6147e
Roman, J.K. (2013). Race, justifiable homicide, and Stand Your
Ground laws: Analysis of FBI supplementary homicide report
data. Retrieved from The Urban Insitute website:
http://www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412873-stand-
your-ground.pdf
Slotten, H. R. (1991). Science, education, and antebellum
reform: The case of Alexander Dallas Bache. History of
Education Quarterly, 31(3), 323-342. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/368371
Snyder, M. R. (2007). The Education of indentured servants in
Colonial America. Journal of Technology Studies 33(2), 65-72.
Taylor, K. A. (2005). Mary S. Peake and Charlotte L. Forten:
Black teachers during the Civil War and Reconstruction. The
Journal of Negro Education (74)2, 124-137. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40034538
Thompson, J. C. (1993). Toward a more humane oppression:
Florida's slave codes, 1821-1861. Florida Historical Quarterly,
(3), 324-338. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable
/30148217
van Dijk, T. A. (1993). Elite discourse and racism. Vol. 6. Race
and Ethnic Relations. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Retrieved from http://www.discourses.org/OldBooks
/Teun%20A%20van%20Dijk%20-%20Elite%20Discourse
%20and%20Racism.pdf
Warner, D. J. (1988). Commodities for the classroom: Apparatus
for science and education in Antebellum America. Annals of
Science, 45, 387-397. doi:10.1080/00033798800200301
White, A. O. (1973). The black leadership class and education in
Antebellum Boston. The Journal of Negro Education, 42,
-515. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2966563
Zepke, N. (2006). Diversity, adult education and the future: A
tentative exploration. International Journal of Lifelong
Learning, 24, 165-178. doi:10.1080/02601370500124181
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).